![]() ![]() For instance, IBD patients tend to have less bacterial diversity as well as lower numbers of Bacteroides and Firmicutes-which together may contribute to reduced concentrations of microbial-derived butyrate. #After effects 15.1.1 skin#Studies examining the composition and role of the intestinal microbiome in different disease states have uncovered associations with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, autoimmune arthritis, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Studies also suggest that overwhelming systemic stress and inflammation-such as that induced via severe burn injury-can also produce characteristic acute changes in the gut microbiota within just one day of the sustained insult. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of animals fed a high-fat or high-sugar diet is more prone to circadian rhythm disruption. An acute change in diet-for instance to one that is strictly animal-based or plant-based-alters microbial composition within just 24 h of initiation, with reversion to baseline within 48 h of diet discontinuation. These recorded benefits and more have led to growing interest in the ability to modify the gut microbiota. Additionally, studies conducted using germ-free mice suggest that the microbiota directly promote local intestinal immunity through their effects on toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, antigen presenting cells, differentiated T cells, and lymphoid follicles, as well as by affecting systemic immunity through increased splenic CD4 + T cells and systemic antibody expression. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) byproducts such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate act as a major energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and may therefore strengthen the mucosal barrier. Microbes in the distal gut contribute to host health through biosynthesis of vitamins and essential amino acids, as well as generation of important metabolic byproducts from dietary components left undigested by the small intestine. The majority of microorganisms reside within the more distal parts of the digestive tract, where their biomass surpasses 10 11 cells per gram content. This uniformity exists regardless of several host properties, such as age, sex, body mass index, and nationality. Recently, it has been shown that microbiota can effectively be subdivided into different enterotypes, each enriched by particular bacterial genera, but that all seem to share high functional uniformity. Overall the predominant bacterial groups in the microbiome are gram positive Firmicutes and gram negative Bacteroidetes. ![]() Among these, bacteria represent the most well studied group and will be the main focus of this review. ![]() The human gut microbiome encompasses 10 14 resident microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, that are commensal with the human intestinal tract. Familiarity with these associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. ![]()
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